Classical conditioning Essay Example for Free

authoritative condition EssayClassical conditioning is a form of basic breeding the body mechanic all(prenominal)y responds to a stimulus. One stimulus takes on the properties of another. The Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) is credited for discovering the basic principles of authoritative conditioning whilst he was studying digestion in dogs. He developed a technique for collecting dogs salivary secretions. Pavlov (cited in Eysneck M.W 2009) noticed that the dogs would often start salivating forward they were given any food or precept the flowing bucket or even when they heard the footstep of the laboratory assistant coming to feed them. Quite by accident Pavlov had discovered that the environmental control of behavior arouse be changed as a result of two stimuli becoming associated with each other. These observations led to whats now called classical conditioning.A neutral stimulus (such as a bell) which normally wouldnt produce a response (such a salivatin g) eventually becomes polar with another stimulus (such as the food) this is referred to an unconditional response. When the bell and food (unconditional stimulus) are paired often enough the dogs start to salivate as soon as they hear the bell and before the food is served. When this occurs conditioning has taken place. (Cited in Burns 1995) Pavlov argued that if dogs could be conditioned to salivate then it is realizable to apply the process to bodily process that effect ailment and mental hetoph disorders. Nowadays classical conditioning is applied in the treatment of phobias and in aversion therapies.(Cited in Burns 1995).Operant conditioningOperant conditioning is the process of a deportment in which the standardizedlihood of a specific behaviour is increased or decreased through positive or negative backup. The theory is based on Thorndike (1993) law of effects which state that behaviour is a function of its consequences (cited in O Brien 2009). Skinner utilize observat ion as a leading approach to operate conditioning. A key principle of operant conditioning was that where behaviour is reinforced (that is where people are rewarded when they behave in a particular way). It willing tend to be repeated under particular circumstances. (Cited in Gross R 2010). For example a sire picking up a crying infant and if the baby stops crying when picked up, the probablility of the mother repeating the same behaviour increases since the cessation of the babys crying is a reinforced.(Gerry, K et alt page45) . Reinforcers stop also be primary or secondary.Primary reinforcers are our basic needs like food, water and shelter. Secondary reinforcers are events that have become rewarded through their association. For example money, because money can gratify people needs it takes on reinforcing characteristics of its own. Operant conditioning can be used in behaviour management and in education, for example children are rewarded when they do well in school and puni shed if they fail, if they chat someone getting rewarded they are more promising to copy the good behaviour. Operant conditioning can also be used to help people with addictions along with classical conditioning,for example in alcoholic drink and drug addiction. Operant conditioning is also used in pain management and in favorable skills training. It has also been used to reward schizophrenic patients for good behaviour. For example given them tokens in exchange for pleasing when they behave well in hospital.(Aylon Azrin,1968,cited in Eysenck 2009).Social LearningThe social learning theory proposed by Albert Bandura (1965), has become the most influential theory of learning and development. Bandura argued that direct reinforcement could not account for all geeks of learning. He argued that people could learn new information by observing other people this type of learning can be used to explain a wide variety of behaviours.(Cited in Eysenck, M 2009) for example Teenagers wanti ng to be thin like the models that they observe on the television or on the computer. Bandura (1965) Three groups of young children watched a film about adults behaving aggressively towards inflatable Bobo dolls. In one of the films it showed adults creation rewarded for aggressive behaviour. The second group were scolded and the third group were neither rewarded or punished. All children showed increased invasion if offered a reward for what they learnt, and the behaviour decreases if they are punished. (Cited in Gross 2009). for example social learning can be learnt through the media. Pop stars are often seen as role models, and children of smokers are more likely to smoke when they are adults.Phobic patient benefit more from watching fearful patients gradually tame their fears. (Cited in Gerry,K.et alt 1996) There are three core concepts in social learning, first learning through observation, mental state is essential part of the process and the theory also recognises that jus t because something is learnt doesnt mean it will result in a change in behaviour.(cited in Burns 1995)Positive reinforcement is far more effective than negative reinforcement. Bandura believed that observation and direct reinforcement could account for all types of learning. He argued that emotional behaviour could be switched off through modelling procedure. Learning need not needfully be correct. Through learning human behaviour can be modified. Learning is very central when working in social care, helpers need to know how to modify clients attitude toward their illness so the helper can work with them to recover.(cited in Burns 2005)