My work2 Essay

INTERACTION WITH purlieu The earliest civilizations organise on fertile river plains. These the three estatess faced challenges, such as seasonal inundate and a limited growing area. geography What rivers helped sustain the four river vale civilizations?POWER AND AUTHORITY Projects such as irrigation vexments required leadership and lawsthe beginnings of organized government. In some societies, priests controlled the first-year governments. In others, military leaders and kings ruled.Geography Look at the time line and the map. In which conglomerate and river vale area was the first code of laws developed?SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY be times civilizations developed bronze tools, the wheel, the sail, the plow, writing, and mathematics. These innovations spread through trade, wars, and the movement of hoi pollois.Geography Which river valley civilization was the most isolated? Whatfactors contributed to that isolation?INTERNET RESOURCES synergetic Maps Interactive Visuals Inte ractive Primary Sources26Go to classzone.com for Research Links Maps mesh Activities Test Practice Primary Sources Current Events Chapter Quiz27why do communitiesneed laws?The harvest has failed and, like many others, you have piddling to eat. There are animals in the temple, but they are protected by law. Your cousin decides to steal one of the pigs to feed his family. You believe that laws should not be broken and try to persuade him not to steal the pig. But he steals the pig and is caught.The law of the Babylonian EmpireHammurabis Codeholds people responsible for their actions. Someone who steals from the temple must repay 30 times the cost of the stolen item. Because your cousin is unable to pay this fine, he is sentenced to death. You begin to peculiarity whether there are times when laws should be broken.1 The Babylonian swayerHammurabi,accompanied by hisjudges, sentencesMummar to death.2 A scribe records theproceedings against Mummar.3 Mummar pleads for mercy.EXAM I N I N GtheISSU ES What should be the main purpose of laws to promote good behavior or to penalize bad behavior? Do all communities need a system of laws to guide them?Hold a class debate on these questions. As you prepare for the debate, think close what you have leaned about the changes that take place as civilizations grow and become more complex. As you read about the growth of civilization in this chapter, consider why societies developed systems of laws.28 Chapter 21City-States in MesopotamiaMAIN IDEAINTERACTION WITHENVIRONMENT The earliestcivilization in Asia arose inMesopotamia and organizedinto city-states.WHY IT MATTERS straight offThe development of thiscivilization reflects a settlementpattern that has occurredrepeatedly passim history.TERMS & NAMES FertileCrescent Mesopotamia city-state dynasty culturaldiffusion polytheism empire HammurabiSETTING THE STAGE Two rivers flow from the mountains of what is nowTurkey, down through Syria and Iraq, and finally to the Persian disju ncture. Over six thousand years ago, the water of these rivers provided the lifeblood that allowed the formation of farming settlements. These grew into colonisations and then cities.Geography of the Fertile Crescent taking NOTESA desert climate dominates the landscape between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea in Southwest Asia. Yet within this dry region lies an arc of land that provided some of the best farming in Southwest Asia. The regions curved shape and the richness of its land led scholars to call it the Fertile Crescent. It includes the lands facing the Mediterranean Sea and a plain that became known as Mesopotamia (MEHSuhpuhTAYmeeuh). The word in Greek agent land between the rivers.The rivers framing Mesopotamia are the Tigris (TYgrihs) and Euphrates (yooFRAYteez). They flow southeastern United States to the Persian Gulf. (See the map on page 30.) The Tigris and Euphrates rivers flooded Mesopotamia at to the lowest degree once a year. As the floodwater recede d, it left a thick pick out of mud called silt. Farmers planted grain in this rich, new alter and irrigated the field with river water. The results were large quantities of wheat and barley at harvest time. The surpluses from their harvests allowed villages to grow.Identifying Problemsand Solutions Use achart to identify Sumersenvironmental problemsand their solutions.ProblemsSolutionsEnvironmental Challenges People first began to settle and farm the flat, swampy lands in southern Mesopotamia before 4500 B.C. close to 3300 B.C., the people called the Sumerians, whom you read about in Chapter 1, arrived on the scene. Good soil was the advantage that attracted these settlers. However, there were three disadvantages to their new environment. Unpredictable flooding unite with a period of little or no rain. The land sometimes became almost a desert. With no natural barriers for protection, a Sumerian village was nearly defenseless. The natural resources of Sumer were limited. Building materials and other necessary items were scarce.Early River valley Civilizations 29