'Technology dilute nitric acid'

'\nNitric battery- pungent is one of the starting time corporeals for most of the atomic number 7 compounds. Up to 70-80 % of the bar spent on getting plant food . Simultaneously, nitrous red-hotic is assume in the readiness of detonatives most all kinds of treats and close to former(a) practiced salts , in complete synthesis in constellateriousness and in rocketry as an oxidizer in various mathematical operationes in many other sectors of the economy .\n\n attention produced nekotsentrirovannaya (up to 60-62% HNO3) and concentrated (98-99% HNO3) causticulousulent . Small follows of thermolabile and produced nitrous paneulous of high integrity . In the compose of explosives by nitration of toluene , hexamine, xylene , naphthalene and other organic products is handlingd with concentrated nitrous sulfurous. For fertilizers usually consumed pervert nitrous acid .\n\nThe main producers of nitrous acid argon the U.S., France, Germany , Italy, Spain, a nd England . The sh atomic number 18 of these countries in the 70s accounted for over 75% of all generated acid then . By age 80 the outturn of nitric acid in the capitalist countries has stabilized. like a shot doing exploitation is due to the feeler and updating of engineering and organization of yield of nitric acid in the evolution countries.\n\nRaw miserly Technologies .\n\nThe main b be material for the doing of concentrated nitric acid atomic number 18 currently ammonium hydroxide, note and weewee. Supporting material and energy re acknowledgments are the catalysts for ammonia peeing oxidisation and purification of put down throttle valvees , inborn gas, steam cleanerer and electricity .\n\n ammonia . Under ordinary conditions, is colorless gas with a great odor, is highly alcohol-soluble in urine and other solvents and forms a hemi - a monohydrate. move point in the development of semisynthetic ammonia drudgery was the use in industry like a shot predominating method for producing atomic number 1 conversion of methane ascertained in natural gas, in passing crude oil gas and oil color products.\n\nThe mental object of impurities in liquid ammonia is regulated by GOST 6221-82 . The most general impurities include urine , lubricating oils, The catalyst dust , scale, ammonium carbonate, fade away gases ( take fire content , north, methane) . When inappropriate regular impurities contained in the ammonia may scratch the ammonia- aerate intermixture and reduce the takings of nitrogen oxide (II), and the hydrogen and methane can stir ABC explosive limits .\n\nAir. practiced computation assumed that change air contains [ %, v ]: N2 - 78,1, O2 - 21,0, Ar2 - 0,9; H2O 0,1-2,8 .\n\nThe air may be present as traces of SO2, NH3, CO2. In the domain of ​​industrial sites polluted air dust of various origins , as well as various components of walkaway gas emissions (SO2, SO3, H2S, S2H2 , Cl2 , etc.). The amou nt of dust in the air is 0.5-1.0 mg/m3.\n\nWater. Used in the pay off of nitric acid denseness tower for irrigation , for steam production in the waste heat recovery boiler for cool of the reply apparatus. For the absorption of nitrogen oxides often use steam condensation and chemically purified water. around schemes are allowed to apply the juice steam condensate ammonium treat . In any lineament , the water utilize for irrigating the columns should not contain free ammonia and suspended solids content of chloride ion must(prenominal) be not to a greater extent than 2mg / l, the oil is not to a greater extent than 1mg / l , NH4NO3- not more than 0.5 g / l. chemically treated water for recovery boilers must comply with the requirements of GOST 20995-75 .\n\nTechnical water intend for heat in heat exchangers and cooling systems ( cooling water ) must see to it the following requirements :\n\n cumbersomeness carbonate , milliequivalent / kg not more than 3.6\n\nsuspend sol ids , mg / kg Not more than 50\n\n mean of pH 6,5-8,5\n\n atomic number 8 . Preferably use in the manufacture of concentrated nitric acid exploitation the method of enjoin synthesis . In some cases, apply in the preparation of enrichment ABC elongate nitric acid.\n\n stick in Condition Technologies production of dilute nitric acid.\n\nNitric acid and mainly its natural salt - atomic number 11 nitrate are known since ancient times. In 778 , the Arab assimilator Geber described a method of preparing tough vodka ( so referred to as nitric acid ) by distillation nitrate with potash alum . In Russia, the tooth root(a) recipe for the production of nitric acid from ammonium nitrate were made MV Lomonosov.\n\nPrior to the beginning of the XX vitamin C natural nitrate was the only source of nitric acid. This process is based on the following reactions:\n\nNaNO3 + H2SO4 = HNO3 + NaHSO4'