Instructions Essay -- essays research papers

How to Change the Oil in Your VehicleWhy should you change your vegetable petroleum?E actuallybody should change their anele in their vehicles whether or not they do it themselves. ever-changing your oil yourself is not very hard and saves you money. Changing your oil is very critical. In fact, manufacturers recommended that you change your oil at least every 3,000 miles. You volition increase the engine life of your cable car. The oil is what keeps the engine lubricated. When oil gets nonagenarian it becomes dirty which guinea pigs friction. Draining the ageing oil and adding new oil provide prevent this friction, thus increasing the reliability and life of your engine. It is also needed to change your oil come home every time you change your oil. The oil filter is what filters out the particles before they reach your engine. A new filter will filter out particles a lot better than an old and dirty one. These instructions will take you through the steps so that you will be able to change your oil in your take driveway.Caution Changing your oil can be very dangerous. never lay under a vehicle only supported by a jack. You must use jack stands or you will be putting your self at risk. Oil can also be very hot, so take extra precaution when removing the drain plug.                                         Things that be needed to change you oil?     clothes you don?ft caution about getting dirty                     ?     a jack                                        ?     some old rags?  & nbsp  a funnel?     oil pan or a container that holds at least 6 quarts?     latex gloves (optional Helps keep your hands clean)?     wheel blocks?     oil filter wrench?     2 jack stands or ram... ...the oil in, exchange the oil fill cap and wipe up some of the oil you might have spilled.&63570     Start the engine and with the engine running, guardedly check around the filter for any leaks. If there is a leak, keep down up the oil filter a little more. If no leaks be found, shut off the engine and jack the car down. Once the car is on level ground again, recheck the oil and make sure it is at the full mark. Do not over fill the oil, that will cause engine damage.Changing your oil can be a undecomposable process. Always be cautious when you are laying underneath a vehicle. Having the oil changed every 3,000 miles is strongly recommended and will increase the life of your engine. It is infallible by law that you put the oil in a container and lead it at a nearest garageIf you have any doubts or do not feel like you are that mechanically habituated you should go the safe route and bring it to a professional place.                                        

The film Stigmata & the Challenge of Conceptualizing Women as Spiritual Agents :: Free Essays Online

The instanceisation Stigmata & the Challenge of Conceptualizing Women as Spiritual AgentsThe history of Western religion has, for the most part been a history of mens spiritual stories, practices, and writings. It is quite rare and exceptional to envision accounts of religion or practicing collections that place womens fetchs at the center. Books, exposures, and various other heathen products bear this out by demonstrating a stubborn lack of circumspection to womens religious experiences. At first glance, the movie Stigmata seems like a film that defies this generalization. The movie, starring Patricia Arquette, places a female protagonist and her mystical experiences with Christ at the center of the plot. The wo piece of music is modeled after a great name in the Catholic tradition, St. Francis, and hers is seemingly the story around which the entire movie is structured. Though this apparently unusual use of a womans direct experience with paragon seems on an immediate l evel to be very transgressive, however, the film ends up being even more hegemonic, in a maven because of the way in which it subtly reinforces normative notions of the male-centeredness of supernatural experiences of God in the Catholic tradition.In this paper I impart look at how Stigmata represents sex and gender roles in the Catholic church and in unsanctified America and of how it uses womens sexuality and assumptions about womens lack of spiritual agency to in conclusion undermine the legitimacy of authentic feminine experience with the Christian God. I will argue that the movies emphasis on very structuralist notions of good and evil, man and woman, pure and impure, inevitably sets up a system in which a females religious authority will be lost. A decrepit tradition, as the Catholic church most certainly represents, must always quiver to accommodate the abnormality of a woman experiencing a direct conjoin with God. The unwillingness to imagine a situation in which a ch aracter like that of Patricia Arquettes character, Frankie, would have a legitimate direct experience with God is a common one throughout the Western (and Western-occupied) world. The emphasis on only granting legitimacy to the written word in the Western religious tradition has always created an environment of hostility to womens non-discursive religious experiences. This paper will also look at how the religious conflicts between the Western patriarchal tradition and female members of a non-Western religious tradition (specifically a group of Ngarrindjeri women) have unfolded and at how such conflicts are similar to the conflict that is delineated between Frankie and the priests who would control her in Stigmata.

Information Systems and Organization Essay

This paper, and the particular(a) step to the fore, address relationships between tuition systems and changes in the shaping of in the buff enterprise, some(prenominal) within and crosswise unswervinglys. The emerging arrangingal picture involves complementary changes in multiple dimensions. The revolution in culture systems merits special circumspection as both ca engross and gear up of the organizational trans pathation. This suffer be illustrated by geting two list variables the location of study and the location of finish rights in organizations. Depending on the bes of entropy transmission and processing, either the MIS issue of transferring entropy, or the organizational re function solution of moving conclusiveness rights, can be an core groupive approach toward achieving the demand collocation of nurture and finality rights.When tuition systems change radic on the wholey, wizard can non expect the optimal organizational coordinate to be unaffec ted. Considering the interplay among information, incentives and decision rights in a unified fashion leads to unsanded insights and a relegate organizational planning. The papers in the special issue address contrasting facets of this fundamental interaction. Despite significant progress, our meeting of the economic go for of information systems in organizations remains in its infancy. We conclude that successful design of modern enterprise will require advertize narrowing of the past gap between research in information systems and research in economics.The organization of work is in the midst of transformation. In m whatso perpetually industries, aggregative merchandise by large, vertically-integrated, hierarchically-organized firms is giving way to to a greater extent than flexible forms of both internal organization and industrial anatomical twist. Work is increasingly accomplished by dint of communicates of scurvyer, much foc utilize enterprises. The resul ting structure of loosely coupled sub-organizations blurs the boundaries of both firms and industries.A canonical case in point is the data processor intentness. In the past, the industry was dominated by large, vertically-integrated firms such as IBM and Digital Equipment which created products and services through come in the value chain from the microprocessor level all the way up to the readying of solutions. The vertical structure is now being replaced by a serial of layers, each of which is, in effect, a separate industry. Value is generated by dynamical coalitions, where each member of a coalition specializes in its atomic number 18a of mall competence and leverages it through the use of tactical or strategic partnerships. innerly, aggroup structures are replacing the conventional hierarchical form, and the Silicon Valley impersonate of internal organization is emerging as a clear winner.3 Internal incentives are increasingly based on performance, and this further blurs the differences between inter- and intra-firm contracts. In sum, modern enterprise is undergoing major restructuring.In this short paper we soon discuss the unseas adeptdly emerging organizational figure of speechs and their relationship to the predominant trends in information engineering (IT). We argue that IT is an important number one wood of this transformation. Finally, we place the studies selected for this special issue of the Journal of organisational Computing within this context.1. Emerging Organizational Paradigms Symptoms and CausesAt the turn of the century, Frederick Taylor sought to put the nascent wisdom for successful backing organization on a scientific basis. His work control a generation of managers towards success in meshing their organizations with the technologies, markets, labor and command environment of the era. By the 1920s, Henry Ford had applied the Taylorist approach with a vengeance and soon dominated the automobile market, driving dozens of competitors under. Ironically, these self alike(prenominal) principles are almost diametrically opposed to the prevailing wisdom of the 1990s. For example, consider the following guide term from The Science of Management 1It is necessary in some(prenominal) activity to drop a complete companionship of what is to be do and to prepare instructions the laborer has only to follow instructions. He need not stop to think.The current emphasis on empowerment, attainment organizations, and even thriving on chaos stands in sharp oppose to Meyers advice (cf. 2 , 3 ). Similar contrast can be found with many, if not most, of the separate principles that lead to success even as late as the 1960s. Consider, for example, the emergence calls for downsizing (vs. economies of scale), commission (vs. conglomerates), total quality (vs. cost leadership), project teams (vs. structural departments), supplier partnerships (vs. maximizing bargaining power), networked organization (vs. cl ear firm boundaries) performance-based stick out (vs. fixed pay), and local autonomy (vs. rigid hierarchy).Milgrom and Roberts 4 make the point that the variant characteristics of modern manufacturing, an important example of the emerging organizational paradigm, are a great deal highly complementary. This complementarity, coupled with the innate(p) tendency to change organizational attributes one at a time, makes the transit from one paradigm to anformer(a) peculiarly demanding. Strong complementarity implies that in order to be successful, change mustiness be implemented simultaneously along a number of related dimensions. Organizations that exact only one or two trace components of the modernistic organizational paradigm whitethorn fail alone by virtue of this complementarity.For instance, Jaikumars 5 study of 95 US and Japanese companies found that the majority of US companies had failed to hit productivity  maturations despite switching to flexible manufacturi ng technology. The reason was that they had bear on dozens of manufacturing practices such as long production runs and high work-in-process breed levels, which complemented the old technology but kept the new technology from fulfilling its potential. Thus, the transition from the old structure to the new one is overwhelmingly complex. The switch would be easier if we declare design guided by possibility instead of bit by bit evolution.There are many possible explanations for the change in the prevailing wisdom regarding organizational design. For instance, it is common to meetify calls for radical change with author to heightened competitive pressures although firms that applied the old principles were among the most successful competitors of their day, presumably the disposition of competition has changed in some way. Others suggest that consumer tastes call for changed, making customized items more appealing than they once were. While historians would argue that the taste for hoi polloi marketed items was itself something that had to be developed in the early days of mass production, increased wealthiness or social stratification may make this more difficult today. It can in addition be argued that some of the new principles were as relevant fifty years ago as they are today, but that they simply had not yet been discovered.Although the enablers of the current organizational transformation are doubt slight legion(predicate) and far from mutually independent, we would like to single one out for special attention the rise in IT. Brynjolfsson 6, p.6 argues that IT is an appropriate candidate for explaining these changes for tercet reasonsFirst, compared to other explanations, the advances in information technology have a particularly reasonable claim to being both novel and exogenous. Many of the first harmonic technological breakthroughs that enable todays vast information bag were made less than a generation ago and were driven more by progr ess in physics and engineering than business demand. Second, the produce in information technology investment is of a large lavish magnitude to be economically significant the result has been what is commonly referred to as the information explosion Third, there is a sound basis for expecting an connecter between the be of technologies that manage information and the organization of economic activity. The firm and the market have each been frequently modeled as in the first place information processing institutions (see Galbraith 7 and Hayek 8 , respectively).Miller 9 foresaw the expose features of the new paradigm as a natural outcome of the information era and the associated economy of selectThe new technologies will rent managers to handle more functions and widen their thwart of control. Fewer levels of focussing hierarchy will be requisite, enabling companies to cast glowering the pyramid of todays care structure. The new information technologies allow de unde rlyingization of decision-making without loss of management awareness indeed employees at all levels can be encouraged to be more creative and intrapreneurial. The discern responsibility of the CEO will be leadership to find the devolve or energies of the organization like a lens and focus them on the key strategic objectives.The new organizational paradigm is indeed intertwined with the structure of an organizations information systems. Under the old paradigm, the firm was governed by a relatively rigid functional structure. This separation into distinct and exonerated organizational units economizes on the information and communications requirements across functional units and reduces cost and complexity. There is a tradeoff, however the old structure is less flexible, less responsive and ultimately results in lower quality. In our absorb, the growing use of IT and the trend towards networking and client-server computing are both a cause and an effect of the organizationa l transition.Lowering the cost of horizontal communications, facilitating teamwork, enabling flexible manufacturing and providing information support for time management and quality control are key enablers on the supply side. It is equally clear that the new organizational paradigm demands new information systems nothing can be more lay waste to for cross-functional teamwork than a rigid information system that inhibits cross-functional information flows. We can unite these perspectives by noting that the structure of the organizations information system is a key element of organizational transformation. Changes in IT change the nature of organizations just as changes in organizational structure drive the development of new technologies.2. study Systems, political economy and Organizational anatomical structureJensen and Meckling 10 raise a expedient framework for studying the complementarities between information systems, incentive structures and decision rights in organ izations. In their framework, the structure of an organization is specified by three key elements (i) The allocation of decision rights (i.e., who is responsible for what actions/decisions) (ii) the incentive system, which defines how decision makers are to be rewarded (or penalized) for the decisions they make and (iii) a monitoring and measurement scheme use to prise these actions and their outcomes.According to Jensen and Meckling, informational variables are key to the structure of organizations because the quality of decisions is unconquerable by the quality of information open to the decision maker. The co-location of information and decision rights enables the decision maker to make optimal decisions. The implementation of this co-location depends on the nature of the inclined(p) information. Jensen and Meckling distinguish between peculiar(prenominal) experience which is localized, difficult to represent and transfer, and depends on idiosyncratic circumstances, and oecumenic knowledge which can be easily summarized, communicated and shared by decision makers.Now, there are two slipway to sire information and decision rights together (i) The MIS solution transfer the information required for the decision to the decision maker, using the organizations (possibly non-automated) information systems or (ii) the organizational redesign solution redesign the organizational structure so that the decision making authority is where the pertinent information is. By definition, worldwide knowledge which is useful for a decision calls for the MIS solution because it can be transferred at low cost. In contrast, when specialized knowledge plays a key role in a decision, the best solution calls for restructuring decision rights so as to provide the decision authority to the one who possesses or has accession to the pertinent information (since the transfer of specific knowledge is too costly).4Jensen and Meckling thus represent the structure of organ izations as an efficient response to the structure of their information costs. But then, a change in information costs must induce a change in organizational structure. In particular, IT has changed the costs of processing and transferring de limited types of information (e.g. quantitative data), but has done minor for other types (e.g. implicit knowledge or skills). IT changes the structure of organizations by facilitating certain information flows as puff up as by turning knowledge that used to be specific into universal knowledge. By developing a taxonomy of information types and identifying the variantial impacts of new technologies on their transferability and importance, we can take a significant step towards applying the simple insight that information and authority should be co-located 11 .Intra-organizational networks and workgroup computing facilities reduce the information costs of teamwork and hence make it a more efficient solution to the organizational design prob lem. Client-server computing technology lowers cross-functional (as well as geographic) barriers. IT (when applied properly) streamlines the types of information that used to be the raison detre of middle management quantitative control information and turns it into general knowledge that can be readily transmitted to, and processed by, people other than those who originally gathered the data. A reduction in the number of management layers and the thinning out of middle management ranks is the predictable result.Similar considerations apply to enterprises that cross firm boundaries. As a simple example, consider the organization of traffic activities 12, 13, 14 . Traditionally, trading took place on the level of an exchange, which was the locus of numerous pieces of specific knowledge, ranging from the hand signals indicating bids and offers to buy and sell a security to traders seventh cranial nerve expressions and the atmosphere on the grade of the exchange. Under that struc ture, much of the information pertinent to trading is specific and localized to the floor. Thus, when an investor instructs her gene to sell 1,000 shares of a given stock, the broker transmits the order to the floor of the exchange and only the floor broker attempts to provide best execution.The decision rights (here, for the trading decisions) are naturally delegated to the decision maker who has the pertinent specific knowledge, and since that knowledge resides on the floor of the exchange, the floor broker is best suited to have the decision rights. technology, and in particular screen-based systems, turns much of the specific knowledge on the floor (i.e., bids and offers) into general knowledge. This elusions decision rights up from the floor to the brokers screens. The inevitable result is the decline of the trading floor and the increased importance of brokers trading rooms. The demise of the trading floor in exchanges that turned to screen-based trading (such as Londo n and Paris) is a natural outcome of the shift in the locus of knowledge. More generally, markets in particular, electronic markets transform specific knowledge into general knowledge 15 .Ironically, even as IT has sped up many links of the information processing chain and vastly increased the amount of information available to any one decision-maker, it has too led to the phenomenon of information overload. This can perhaps best be understood by a generalization of the Jensen and Meckling framework to include finite human information processing capacity. As more information moves from the specific category to the general category, the limiting factor becomes not what information is available but rather a matter of finding the human information processing capacity needed to attend to and process the information.Computers appear to have exacerbated the surfeit of information relative to processing capacity, perhaps because the greatest advances have occurred in the processing and storage of structured data, which is generally a complement, not a substitute, for human information processing. As computer and communications components increase their speed, the human bottleneck in the information processing chain becomes ever more apparent. culture overload, when interpreted in light of this framework, can provide an explanation for the increased autonomy and pay-for-performance that characterize a number of descriptions of the new managerial work (cf. 6 ). Economizing on information costs means that more decision rights are delegated to line managers who possess the idiosyncratic, specific knowledge necessary to accomplish their tasks. Shifting responsibility from the overburdened top of the hierarchy to line personnel not only reduces the information processing load at the top of the hierarchy, but also cuts down unnecessary communications up and down the hierarchy.This blurs the traditional distinction between conceptualization and execution and broadens the compass of decision rights delegated to lower level managers. By the Jensen-Meckling 10 framework, any such shift in decision authority (and in the associated routing of information) must also be accompanied by a change in the structure of incentives. Disseminating information more broadly is ever easier with IT, allowing line workers to take into account information that goes well beyond the formerly-narrow definitions of their job.Meanwhile, providing the right incentives for the newly empowered work take out is an equally crucial element of the current reorganization of work. Agency theory predicts that performance-based pay is necessary when decision rights are decentralized (otherwise, the agents may be induced to act in ways that are in logical with boilersuit organizational goals). It therefore follows that incentive-based compensation is appropriate for better-informed workers 16.5 Thus, the confluence of better-informed workers, an empowered manpower and more incentiv e-based pay is consistent with our thesis that IT is a key driver of the new organizational paradigm.Furthermore, the theory of neither contracts suggests that the analysis can be extended to include interorganizational changes such as increased reliance on outsourcing and networks of other firms for key components 17 . Here again the shift can be explained in incentive terms one ultimate incentive is ownership, so entrepreneurs are liable(predicate) to be more innovative and aggressive than the alike(p) individuals working as division managers. Both within and across organizations, then, changes in information systems are accompanied by changes in incentives and in the organization of work.3. The Special IssueThe papers in this special issue bear witness to the role of information systems in the structure of modern enterprise and the blurring of the differences between inter- and intra-firm executions. Starting from the firms level, Barrons paper studies how a firm determines its internal organization and how IT affects this goal. Barron considers a traditional firm, with well-defined boundaries that are endogenously determined by considering flexibility and scope of control. Ching, Holsapple and Whinston broaden the scope of the enterprise to the network organization a construct obtained by tying together a number of firms that cooperate through a well-defined communication mechanism.Specifically, they use a instruction protocol to manage the relationship between suppliers and producers. Beath and Ang seek another form of inter-firm cooperation, the relational contract, in the context of software-development outsourcing. They show how relational contracts embody a relationship that can be characterized as a network consisting of two organizations. Whang studies a more subtle form of networking information sharing between purchasers and suppliers. Bakos and Brynjolfsson examine the impact of incentives and information costs on the nature of buyer-s upplier relationships. They show that committing to a partnership with a small number of suppliers can be an optimal strategy for a buyer because it will maximize the suppliers incentives for non-contractible investments such as information sharing, innovation or quality.The papers thus present a spectrum ranging from a study of the boundaries of the traditional firm through distinct forms of networking to explicit buyer-supplier relationships. A common constitution is the organization of work so as to reduce overall information costs not only within an organization but across them as well. The surviving enterprise is often (though not always) the one that attempts to reduce information costs while capitalizing on the comparative advantage of the fighting(a) organizations. This calls for opportunistic cooperation that benefits the members of the network for as long as they cooperate.IT reduces the costs of such cooperation by facilitating communication and increasing the flex ibility of the participating organizations. Using the Jensen-Meckling terminology, different network participants can make more effective use of their specific knowledge when the costs of transferring and processing general knowledge are reduced. Further, technology enables the development of markets that, by their very nature, transform specific knowledge into general knowledge. Thus, the bidding and communications protocols proposed by Ching, Holsapple and Whinston in their paper Modeling cyberspace Organizations effectively transform the specific knowledge inherent in the production technology of the competing suppliers into general knowledge that encompasses not only prices but also their reputations. From this perspective, IT is key to the development of network organizations.In his paper Impacts of Information engine room on Organizational Size and Shape Control and Flexibility set up, Barron builds a stylized quantitative model to study the impact of IT on the structure of organizations. Examining flexibility and scope of control, he identifies sixteen different cases with different patterns of the actual causality between IT and firm structure. Barron shows that simplistic statements regarding the impact of IT are not as straightforward as one might hypothesize due to the interaction of size, scope and flexibility. His results suggest that the impact of IT is rather complex, and that further specification is necessary prior to making predictions on the impact of IT on organizational size or shape.Hierarchical Elements in Software Contracts by Beath and Ang focuses on the contractual structure of outsourced software development. This is an interesting example of the new organizational paradigm because of the key role of information systems in any organization. Effective software development hinges on cooperation, communication and joint management which are at the heart of the new organizational paradigm. Beath and Ang examine the mechanisms used to govern outsourcing projects as specified in their outsourcing contracts.They suggest that the relational contract, which converts an arms-length transaction into a joint project with governance and resolution procedures that resemble those used by firms internally, is an effective way to accomplish this. Thus, while Ching, Holsapple and Whinston view bidding and explicit reputation formation as the alphabet of the network organization, Beath and Ang view actual contract clauses as the key linguistic constructs. The paper shows how the structure of the contract is driven by the attributes of the project as well as those of the parties to the transaction.In Analysis of Economic Incentives for Inter-Organizational Information Sharing, Whang addresses the indecision of information sharing in non-cooperative buyer-supplier settings. Whang studies this question for two different models. He first shows that due to unseemly incentives, suppliers will not be willing to share informatio n regarding their costs. The situation is different when the information to be conveyed is regarding the expected delay or lead time. Whang shows that suppliers are better off disclosing lead-time information to buyers (when the demand curve for their product is convex). This result is consistent with our general thesis, whereas the former one introduces a note of caution adverse incentives pose limits to the scope of information sharing among network organizations.In From Vendors to Partners Information Technology and Incomplete Contracts in Buyer-Supplier Relationships, Bakos and Brynjolfsson start with the assumption that, in many cases, complete information exchange between two firms will be infeasible, so any contract between them will be rudimentary in the sense that some contingencies will remain unspecified. They then explore how the interplay of IT and organizational structure can affect the role of non-contractible investments, such as innovation, quality and the exchang e of information.For example, Bakos and Brynjolfsson show that when fewer suppliers are employed, they collectively capture a larger share of the benefits of the relationship, and this will increase their incentives to make non-contractible investments. As a result, even when search costs are very low, it may be desirable for the buyer to limit the number of employed suppliers, booster cable to a partnership-type of relationship, rather than aggressively bargaining for all the benefits by exist to switch among numerous alternative suppliers. Like Whang, they show that the incentive effectuate of the applications of IT must be explicitly considered in any model of their effect on inter-organizational cooperation.4. ConclusionIn this paper, we have stressed the joint determination of the location of information and decision rights. The default mechanism used to achieve this co-location depends on ones point of reference. Information Systems researchers are likely to take the lo cus of decision authority for granted. They will typically focus their attention on devising schemes that will efficiently organize, retrieve, sort, filter, transmit and endanger information for designated decision makers.In contrast, the economist is likely to focus on the allocation of decision rights and the concomitant effect on incentives.6 As we discussed in Section 2, transferring information and transferring decision authority are two sides of the same question. Because economics and information systems research evolved to address different problems, this complementarity long went unnoticed. severally of the papers in the special issue addresses a different saying of the interplay among information, incentives and the structure of economic enterprise. In every case, insights resulted when both information and incentives were explicitly considered. Each paper contributes an additional piece to an emerging mosaic that describes not only the features of the new organization, but also gives some insight into their suppositional underpinnings.The papers in this special issue also highlight the incomplete state of knowledge in the subject area and the dearth of empiric guidance to the formulation and testing of theoretical research. We started this paper with a reciprocation of the computer industry as the canonical example of the new paradigm as exercised in Silicon Valley, and continued by arguing that its products truly fuel the shift to this paradigm. It is only appropriate to close the loop by examining the dictum of that paradigm as it applies to the inner workings of firms in the computer industry. A major effort along these lines in being undertaken by one of the authors and his colleagues in Stanford Universitys Computer Industry Project.Understanding these changes so that they can be harnessed for productive ends remains a central challenge for the next decade of research. The rapid progress in scheming computers and communications systems c ontrasts starkly with the uncertainty clouding organizational design. Yet, new ways of organizing will be necessary before the potential of IT can be realized.Furthermore, because the new organizational paradigms involve numerous complementarities, the trial-and-error methods which were important in the rise of the organizational forms of the past century, such as large hierarchies and mass markets, may be unsuited for making the next transition. Understanding and implementing one aspect of a new organizational structure without regard to its interaction with other aspects can leave the make the organization worse off than if no modifications at all were made. Design, rather than evolution, is called for when significant changes must be made along multiple dimensions simultaneously.Successful organizational design, in turn, requires that we understand the flow of information among humans and their agents every bit as well as we understand the flow of electrons in chips and wires. Pe rhaps, then, the revolution in information processing capabilities not only calls for a change in business organization, but also a re-evaluation of the historic separation between Information Systems and Economics.REFERENCES1 Meyers, G. The Science of Management. In C. B. Thompson (Eds.), Scientific Management Cambridge Harvard University Press, 1914.2 Kanter, R. M. The New Managerial Work. Harvard line of products Review, Nov-Dec, 1989, pp. 85-92.3 Peters, T. Thriving on Chaos, Handbook for a Management Revolution. New York Knopf, 1988.4 Milgrom, P. and Roberts, J. The Economics of Modern Manufacturing Technology, Strategy, and Organization. American Economic Review, Vol. 80, No. 3, 1990.5 Jaikumar, R. Post-Industrial Manufacturing. Harvard Business Review, November-December, 1986, pp. 69-76.6 Brynjolfsson, E. Information Technology and the New Managerial Work. Working Paper 3563-93. MIT, 1990.7 Galbraith, J. Organizational Design. Reading, MA Addison-Wesley, 1977.8 Hayek, F. A. The Use of Knowledge in Society. American Economic Review, Vol. 35, No. 4, 1945.9 Miller, W. F. The delivery of Choice. In Strategy, Technology and American Industry HBS Press, 1987.10 Jensen, M. and Meckling, W. Knowledge, Control and Organizational Structure Parts I and II. In Lars, Werin and Hijkander (Eds.), Contract Economics (pp.251-274). Cambridge, MA sweet basil Blackwell, 1992.11 Mendelson, H. On Centralization and Decentralization. Stanford, forthcoming, 1993.12 Amihud, Y. and Mendelson, H. An Integrated Computerized Trading System. In Market do and the Changing Structure of the Securities Industry (pp. 217-235). Lexington Heath, 1985.13 Amihud, Y. and Mendelson, H. (1989). The Effects of Computer-Based Trading on volatility and Liquidity. In H. C. Lucas Jr. and R. A. Schwartz (Eds.), The Challenge of Information Technology for the Securities Markets. (pp. 59-85). Dow Jones-Irwin.14 Amihud, Y. and Mendelson, H. Liquidity, Volatility and rally Automation. Journal of Ac counting, Auditing and Finance, Vol. 3, Fall, 1988, pp. 369-395.15 Malone, T. W., Yates, J. and Benjamin, R. I. Electronic Markets and Electronic Hierarchies. Communications of the ACM, Vol. 30, No. 6, 1987, pp. 484-497.16 Baker, G. P. Incentive Contracts and surgical operation Measurement. Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 100, No. 3, June, 1992.17 Brynjolfsson, E. An Incomplete Contracts Theory of Information, Technology, and Organization. Management Science, forthcoming, 1993.

Impact of Telecommunication Social or Economical

In 2013, worldwide telecommunications all toldow reach $2. 3 trillion in revenues 1. The revenue from telecommunication service is projected to grow at the rate of 3. 8 percent 1. not only is the telecommunications industry monetarily strong but also has a groovy impact on the social and economic development of the world. Telecommunications has shiftd the way mickle live, interact and conduct businesses. Rwanda, commonly known as the Land of a Thousand Hills, is a country in central Africa. This country confront a civil war in 1993.Between April and June 1994, an estimated 800,000 Rwandans were killed 9. After this genocide, one of the most(prenominal) important argonas of development that the Government focused on was Information and parley technology (ICT). Rwanda, with its hilly terrain, is favorable for growing teatime and coffee. Export of tea comprised of 70% of its export 2. Thus during the U. S. recession of 2009, Rwandas GDP grew by 4. 1% in comparison to 11. 2% a ye ar forwards 4. The geography of the country and the underdeveloped road/rail transportation adds on to increased cost in exporting goods 2.One of the main reasons for focusing on ICT policy was to convert Rwanda from an agrarian economy to an information-centric economy 3. In pronounce to achieve this, the Government has implemented National Information and Communication Technology (ICT) policy 8. Earlier in Rwanda, at that place were a very a few(prenominal) newspapers published on a weekly or even on biweekly basis. The Rwandan Government used to broadcast radio all end-to-end the day in order to educate people 2. But this endeavour did not scale nationwide and the nature of information was limited.There were three major(ip) telecommunications providers in the country by 2012, because of National ICT policy and privatization of Rwandas telecommunications industry. Telecommunications work redeem provided a broader source of information through the Internet and has facilitat ed in educating the people of Rwanda across the nation. One of the main health care issues face in Rwanda is spread of HIV/AIDS. Innovative ways, such as bag short message services (SMS), have been used to create awareness among people regarding the virus.The Rwanda Government has given out free cell phones to mannership health care volunteers, in an attempt to help pregnant women 11. If there are any questions, updates, or complications regarding the pregnancy, health volunteers text the local clinic and raise a response within minutes 11. Such telecommunications services have helped the social development of Rwanda. Up until 2006 telecommunications in Rwanda was state owned monopoly. Since so there has been privatization of the telecommunications industry 5.Privatization of the industry led to the arrival of international telecommunications giants. outside investment in the telecommunication industry has become one of the impart for the regimen to increase its revenue. In the fiscal year of 2011/ 2012, Rwandas government lost over $23 million because of fuel tax reduction. During the comparable fiscal year, Bharti Airtel, one of the international telecommunications giant from India, bought a telecommunications license expenditure $100 million 5. The Rwanda Government has used this payment to offset part of Rwandas fiscal deficit 6.In order to increase their customer base, all of the telecommunications companies have introduced smooth gold services. This service allows customers to send and receive money within the country and also overseas 7. Almost, Rwf45 billion has been transferred to and from Rwanda from the inception of this service. The telecommunications companies are directly licensed by the National Bank of Rwanda to facilitate mobile money services. The mobile money service has helped in providing more financial services 10.Telecommunications has helped economic development of the country by enabling blue transfer of money 7. In conc lusion, ICT is helping to re-build Rwanda. The National ICT policy and treat plan re-emphasizes the importance of ICT. Telecommunications has helped Rwanda develop socially and economically. This analysis has made me bring in that telecommunications is not just any other industry, but has the power to change lives of millions. References 1 Anonymous (2012). Worldwide Telecommunications Industry Revenue to Reach $2. Trillion in 2013, Online Available http//www. kten. com/story/20754074/worldwide-telecommunications-industry-revenue-to-reach-22-trillion-in-2013-says-insight-research-corp Accessed on January 30, 2013. 2 Anonymous. Online Available http//www. historycentral. com/nationbynation/Rwanda/Economy. html Accessed on January 30, 2013 3 K. David (2004, May). IMPLEMENTING THE bailiwick ICT POLICY AND PLAN in RWANDA Online. Available http//www. powershow. com/view/200885-ZTVmZ/IMPLEMENTING_THE_NATIONAL_ICT_POLI

Progression of music

In this literature review we will be smellinging at reading based virtu whollyy the idea of approach within music. Comparisons between different pieces of text regarding the menstruation position of music, and If possible, the coming(prenominal) of music and how it can get along with. The main books in discussion will dwell of, Simon ReynoldsRetaining, David Gauntlet reservation Is Connecting, TallThe Political Economy of Music. A agglomerate of the quotes that will be in discussion will revolve round the theme of pose repetition.This Is a theory regarding the structure or stage of current music, an Idea Tall briefly discusses In mise en scene with three other previous stages he believes to eat occurred. This in addition explains the prime(a) to discuss Retaining, the themes from this book tie in with the cin one casept of repetition and revolves around firm pictures that current music, and also friendship be trap in the past. However Making is connecting takes a mo re subjective role in the discussion as it is primarily based around the individual condition in the sense of their feeling and creativity, and does not so more need the enamour of both capitalist ideas.We will offset printing draw some theories from Tails. Draws up the comparison of Music running alongside high conjunction, and at head ups beyond. In short, Tall draws the comparison in which music runs along side favorcapable order and how the mindset of caller, at all given age, is reflected onto the art of music. not Just in the literal sense as would be utilise to such eras as Punk, but in the progression of music everyplace clock cartridge holder. its styles and economic organization atomic number 18 ahead of the rest of society because it explores, much faster than material reality can, the entire range of capabilities in a given code. (Tails,1977) Here Tall is referring to music as a sped up representation of society at any given time. This is why his curre nt claim on post repetition is interesting as any other stage or progression in music, according to Tails, could reduplicate that of societies in the future. The question regarding this is whether it is possible for music or society, to considerably progress onto what could be seen as another stage of progression. If the idea of post-repeating is feasible, thus it could be seen that society, let alone music, ar currently trapped in a repeating existence that isnt regressing, only expanding.However for the time being it is more all important(predicate) to look back if in that location is any chance of looking preliminary. This is where Italys quaternion stages of music form in Political Economy of Music, and during the closing curtain stage, the idea of post repeating is bought about. Sacrifice refers to the point in musical theater history where no sound was recorded, compose, and the art of music was completely unaffectionate from anything physical. It was simply Just an o ral process. Music was simply a counsel of transferring current cultural and social feelings from one psyche to another. RepresentingThis term refers to the eldest printed music, 1500-1900 AD. Printed music was the send-off form of music that was seen as a commodity, it could be seen as the first time any form of technology had an influence upon human emotion. Tall refers to this period as Representation because the performer would gravel to represent and play the music that was printed for an audience. Repeating The term repeating refers to the time period of around 1900 to the present. The term is applied by Tall to any recorded sound of broadcasted sound which was make possible by scientific advancements.Even though this meant music as an industry could really excel and prophet, the first mindset of music being a commodity was established the endorsement it could be written and performed. However, according to Tails, the stage of repeating completely took everyplace and ma de the ideas behind representation, now irrelevant. The advent of recording thoroughly tattered representation. First produced as a itinerary of preserving its trace, it instead replaced it as the cause force of be mothers a simulacrum of the record an audience generally long-familiar with the artists recordings attends to hear a live replicationFor habitual music, this as meant the tardy death of small bands, who have been reduced to faithful imitations of recording stars. For the upright repertory, it means the danger Of imposing all of the aesthetic criteria of repetition?made of rigor and cold calculation?upon representation. (Tails,1977) Post Repetition The term post repetition was a term Tall briefly refers to as the following state from Repeating, this is also backed up by Italys Chapter on physical composition and how this current process is not undertaken for exchange or use value.Even though Italys theories, as well as many other philosophers surrounding he subj ect, can be seen ambitious and at some times overly vague, this idea of a post repetition makes sense and would revolve around society at this moment and how we be progressing. This is why it is of interest as to whether music can genuinely progress, or whether we are infinitely trapped within a post era where Italys equipment casualty of exchange time and use time, are becoming ever more irrelevant. Tall labels Exchange-Time as the time one would spend earning the spend listening to the bought item.The ideas of exchange time and use time, are now seen as words which dont bear relevance to a vast amount of current music. With the massive surge of the profit and accessibility, the value of music has morphed, and also the intentions of the people making it. This new exercise is NOT undertaken for its exchange or use value. It is undertaken solely for the pleasure of the somebody who does it (its producer). Such activity involves a radical rejection of the specialized roles (compo ser, performer, audience) that rule all previous music. Data, 1977) We will now relate this to and check into current musical practice and the mindset of the Producer. Simon Reynolds book Retaining, and Making is connecting by David Gauntlet both investigate these ideas. Retaining is written by Reynolds with belief that the progression of music is now non existent and advance(a) music of the get downular glossiness is based upon regurgitation of past trends/ideas/styles. We live in a society that is obsessed with its suffer past, instead of moving into a new future.Reynolds does also include mostly all aspects of daily life into his theories and how our society is looking back instead of looking forward. Artifacts of its speedy past, but there has never forward been a society that is able to access the flying past so easily and so copiously. (Reynolds, 2011) Here we see Reynolds referring to the society we are currently surrounded by, as one obsessed with its own past. He a lso gives appreciation to the fact that we live in a manhood where modern phenomenons, such as the internet and media , give society the power to access the immediate past so easily and freely.This is disclose to part of the cogitateing as to why Reynolds believes as a only that we are living in a Retraining, a world that is looking backwards instead of forwards. It is a pretty indisputable fact, that cod to the surge of technology and the lily advantages in our life, we have access to the things we never would have had before. However Reynolds follows up on this point, putting the obsession of the past, into the argument that it is because we are nostalgic and almost envious of it. Is nostalgia stopping our refinements ability to surge forward, or are we nostalgic precisely because our shade has stopped moving forward and so we inevitably look back to more momentous and combat-ready times? (Reynolds, 2011) stopped moving forward in general, whether or not he is finding re ason with nostalgia. A lot of Reynolds beliefs come with in forms of musical practices such s sampling, covering artists, anniversary concerts, greatest hits albums, generally repetitive process. We live in a pop age gone loco for retro and crazy commemoration (Reynolds,2011) Could it be that the greatest danger to the future of music finis is its past. (Reynolds, 2011) These are quotes from the very first page of the introduction and sum up his beliefs straight person a musical mode. He goes as far to say that the end of pop culture will not come with one big bang, but it is through a gradual process which we are already living in. This is the way that pop ends, not with a BANG but with a nook set whose Ruth disc you never get around to acting. Reynolds, 2011) He then, shortly after, puts the reasoning upon the producer The very people you wouldve once expected to produce (as artists) or champion (as consumers) the non-traditional and the groundbreaking thats The avian-grad e is now an stationre-grade. (Reynolds, 2011) These quotes are portraying the modern producer as the fundamental reason as to why music isnt progressing. This, to Reynolds, could be seen as an environmental geld due to the fact our society is constantly exploring the past and repeating itself.He set forth the process of the modern producer as airier-grade meaning it is the producer themselves who are trapped in the past. However, as previously mentioned, a lot of the reasoning as to why we may be living in a culture where we are looking back, is due to the fact we can. Technology and the way we have advanced as a culture has enabled us to lineage huge amounts of digital artifacts through mediums such as pods, computers, phones, sound-systems, cads, records, the internet.We can also experience music and media in ship canal like never before stereo 51, 3-D image/sound, and not to mention all the ways in which to do so prior to these. To Reynolds, the abilities to store and look b ack, are what we have become victim to. Weve become victims of our ever-increasing capacity to store, organism, right off access, and percent vast amounts of cultural data. Not only has there immediate past, but there has never before been a society that is able to access the past so easily and so copiously. Reynolds, 2011) This quote is in general focused on the fact we are able to easily access, store, share data like never before. However Reynolds does use the phrase, weve become, this could educe that our access to all this data as only become a robber of recent time. Reynolds never seems to really pick at the resurrect of vinyl, tape, or the initial upraise of cads. The start of the sasss is when he believes our modern culture and popular music industry lost all forward thinking and started seeking past ideas and past trends. Instead of being the threshold to the future, the first ten years of the twenty-first century turned out to be the Re Decade. (Reynolds, 2011) Here this quote describes the start of the sasss, as being the start of a retro decade instead of being the start of new superior ideas. Perhaps the first time popular culture fully evokeed its assistance to the past. This brings up the question as to whether technological advancements such as Amps, I Pods and the mass growth of file-sharing are the reason as to why we are so sentimental and look back for inspiration in modern music practice.Or is it more to do with the producer, rather than the ways of consumption. Has the person creating and making the material lost the will to look forward If Italys point of musics styles and economic organization, being ahead of the rest of society then then what would be the outcome of the sasss Re-decade as Reynolds dubbed it? Could that be the point our society has truly reached a form of creative standardization. Where new ideas and creative replete(predicate) is solely based upon repetition of past ideas.This could be what Tall wouldve been suggesting through the idea of Post Repetition. There is no forward safari in the progression of music as an art anymore, only the ways in which we experience it. However back to the point of the producer, Making is connecting, written by David Gauntlet investigates the process of creativity and can be link to how this has an effect on current musical practices and the position of popular culture on modern music and inevitably the question of progression. Making is connecting is basically about how people make things to engage with the world around them, and arrive at connections with others through this process. Gauntlet believes that due to the benefits of popular culture in terms of the internet, file sharing, and platforms that enable people to share their creative work, we are comprehend a shift in mentality. Gauntlet describes this as a shift from a Sit back and be told culture, to a making and doing culture. (Gauntlet 2009)

The Return: Nightfall Chapter 28

lustrelessness had no idea what time it was, just it was deep dusk under the trees. He was lying postways in Elenas new car, as if hed been tossed in and forgotten. His perfect body was in pain.This time he awoke and immediately panorama, Elena. further he couldnt regulate the white of her camisole allwhere, and when he c whollyed, first softly, indeed sh emergeing, he got no answer.So now he was feeling his way abtaboo the undecideding, on hands and knees. Damon seemed to contri stille in g cardinal and that gave him a spark of hope and courage that lit up his mind give care a beacon. He represent the discarded Pend permiton shirt considerably trampled. simply when he couldnt demote a nonher soft warm body in the throwing, his heart crashed fine-tune somewhere a smooth his boots.And so he remembered the Jaguar. He fumbled frantically in one pocket for the keys, came up empty, and finally disc everyplaceed, inexplicably, that they were in the ignition.He lived with the agonizing moment when the car wouldnt start, and then was shocked to see the inventiveness of its headlights. He puzzled briefly about how to turn the car bandage making sure he wasnt running a limp Elena over, then dug through the glove compartment box, flinging out manuals and pairs of sunglasses. Ah, and one lapis lazuli ring. soulfulness was keeping a sp are here, just in case. He shake off it on it fit well enough.At last his fingers closed over a smashing mullein, and he was free to search the clearing as exhaustively as he wanted to.No Elena.No Ferrari either.Damon had taken her somewhere. alone redress, then, he would track them. To do that he had to leave Elenas car behind, but he had already seen what these monsters could do to cars, so that wasnt saying much.He would have to be careful with the flashlight, too. Who knew how much charge the clobberteries had remaining?For the hell of it, he tried calling Bonnies busy bid, and then her home phone, an d then the boardinghouse. No signal, even up though according to the phone itself, there should have been. No need to question why, either this was the Old Wood, messing with things as usual. He didnt even ask himself why it was Bonnies number he called first, when Meredith would probably be much sensible.He found the tracks of the Ferrari easily. Damon had sped out of here like a bat bland smiled grimly as he finished the sentence in his mind.And then hed impeln as if to tolerate out of the Old Wood. This was easy, it was clear that either Damon had been going too fast for proper control or that Elena had been fighting, because in a number of places, mainly around corners, the tire tracks showed up clearly against the soft ground beside the road. flavourless was especially careful not to step on anything that might be a clue. He might have to prickertrack at some point. He was careful, too, to ignore the guarded noises of the night around him. He knew the malach were out t here, but he ref apply to let himself think about them.And he never even asked himself why he was doing this, deliberately going into danger instead of retreating from it, instead of trying to drive the Jaguar out of the Old Wood. After all, Stefan hadnt left him as bodyguard. plainly then you couldnt trust anything that Damon might say, he thought.And besides well, hed always unploughed one eye out for Elena, even before their first date. He might be clumsy, slow, and weak in comparison to their enemies now, but he would always try.It was pitch- dogged now. The last remnants of twilight had left the sky, and if Matt visualizeed up he could see clouds and stars with trees leaning in ominously from either side.He was lounge aboutting toward the end of the road. The Dunstans house should be coming up on the right pretty soon. Hed ask them if theyd seen Blood.At first his mind flew to wet alternatives, like dark red paint. But his flashlight had caught reddish dark-brown stains on the roadside just as the road made a dandy curve. That wasblood on the road there. And not just a pocket-size blood.Being careful to walk well around the red-brown patsys, running his flashlight over and over the far side of the road, Matt began to put together what mustiness have happened.Elena had jumped.Either that or Damon had pushed her out of a travel car and after all the trouble hed taken to get her, that didnt sterilize much sense. Of course, he might have already bled her until he was quelled Matts fingers went up to his sore neck instinctively but then, why take her in the car at all?To kill her by push her out?A stupid way to do it, but maybe Damon had been counting on his little pets to take care of the body.Possible, but not very likely.Whatwas likely?Well, the Dunstans house was coming up on this side of the road, but you couldnt see it from here. And it would be just like Elena to jump out of a speeding car as it rounded a swell corner. It would take brains, and guts, and a breathtaking trust in sheer quite a little that it wouldnt kill her.Matts flashlight slowly traced the devastation of a long duck of rhododendron bushes just off the road.My God, thats what she did. Yeah. She jumped out and tried to roll. Jeez, she was lucky not to spread her neck. But she kept rolling, grabbing at roots and creepers to stop herself. Thats why theyre all torn up.A bubble of elation was rising in Matt. He was doing it. He was tracking Elena. He could see her fall as clearly as if hed been there.But then she got flipped by that tree root, he thought as he continued to live her trail. That would have hurt. And shed slammed down and roll on the concrete for a bit that must have been suffering shed left a lot of blood here, and then clog into the bushes.And then what? The rhododendron showed no more signs of her fall. What had happened here? Had Damon reversed the Ferrari fast enough and gotten her back?No, Matt decided, examining the ear th carefully. There was only one set of footprints here, and it was Elenas. Elena had gotten up here only to fall down again, probably from injury. And then shed managed to get up again, but the marks were weird, a normal footprint on one side and a deep but small rowdyism on the other.A crutch. She found herself a crutch. Yeah, and that dragging mark was the mark of her bad foot. She walked up to this tree, and then around it or hopped, actually, thats what it escorted like. And then shed headed for the Dunstans. refreshful girl. She was probably unrecognizable by now, and anyway, who cared if they noticed the resemblance between her and the late, great Elena Gilbert? She could be Elenas cousin from Philadelphia.So shed gone, one, two, threeeight travel and there was the Dunstan house. Matt could see lights. Matt could smell horses. Excitedly, he ran the sopor of the way taking a few falls that didnt do his comprehend body any good, but still heading straight for the back porch light. The Dunstans werent front porch people.When he got to the door, he pounded on it almost frenziedly. Hed found her. Hed found ElenaIt seemed a long time before the door opened a crack. Matt automatically wedged his foot in the crack part thinking, Yes, good, youre cautious people. Not the type to let a vampire in after youd just seen a girl covered in blood.Yes? What do you want?Its me, Matt Honeycutt, he said to the eye that he could see peering out of the slit of open door. Ive uprise for El for the girl.What girl are you talking about? the voice said gruffly.Look, you dont have to worry. Its me Jake knows me from school. And Kristin knows me, too. Ive come to help.Something in the sincerity of his voice seemed to strike a chord in the soulfulness behind the door. It was opened to reveal a large, dark-haired man who was article of clothing an under-shirt and needed a shave. Behind him, in the living room was a tall, thin, almost gaunt woman. She looked as if she had been crying. Behind both of them was Jake, whod been a social class senior to Matt at Robert E. Lee High.Jake, Matt said. But he got no answer back except a dull look of anguish.Whats wrong?Matt demanded, terrified. A girl came by here a while ago she was hurt but but you let her in, right?No girls come by here, said Mr. Dunstan flatly.She had to have. I followed her trail she left a trail inblood , do you understand, almost up to your door . Matt wasnt letting himself think. Somehow, if he kept telling the facts loudly enough, they would produce Elena. more trouble, Jake said, but in a dull voice that went with his expression.Mrs. Dunstan seemed the most sympathetic. We hear a voice out in the night, but when we looked, there was no one there. And we have troubles of our own.It was then, right on cue, that Kristin burst into the room. Matt stared at her with a feeling of d??¦j???? vu. She was dressed up something like Tami Bryce. She had cut off the bottoms of her j eans shorts until they were practically nonexistent. On top she was article of clothing a bikini top, but with Matt hastily turned his eyeball away two big round holes cut just where Tami had had round pieces of cardboard. And shed decorated herself with glitter glue.God Shes only, what, twelve? Thirteen? How could she possibly be acting this way?But the next moment, his whole body was vibrating in shock. Kristin had pasted herself against him and was cooing, Matt Honey-butt You came to see meMatt passd carefully to get over his shock.Matt Honey-butt . She couldnt know that. She didnt even go to the same school as Tami did. Why would Tami have called her and told her something like that?He shook his head, as if to clear it. Then he looked at Mrs. Dunstan, who had seemed kindest. Can I use your phone? he asked. I need Ireally need to make a mates of calls.The phones been down since yesterday, Mr. Dunstan said harshly. He didnt try to move Kristin away from Matt, which was ma tchless because he was clearly angry. Probably a fallen tree. And you know mobile phones dont work out here.But Matts mind spun into overdrive. You really mean that no teenage girl came up to your house asking for help? A girl with blond hair and blue eyeball? I swear, Im not the one who hurt her. I swear I want to help her.Matt Honey-butt? Im making a tattoo, just for you. Still pressed up behind him, Kristin extended her left arm. Matt stared at it, horrified. She had obviously used needles or a pin to prick holes in her left forearm, and then opened a fountain pens cartridge of ink to supply the dark blue color. It was your basic prison-type tattoo, done by a child. The straggling garner M A T were already visible, along with a denigrate of ink that was probably going to be another T.No rarity they werent thrilled about letting me in, Matt thought, dazed. Now Kristin had both gird around his waist, making it hard to breathe. She was on tiptoe, talking to him, whispering s peedily some of the obscene things Tami had said.He stared at Mrs. Dunstan. Honest, I havent even seen Kristin for it must be nearly a year. We had an end of the year carnival, and Kristin helped with the pony rides, butMrs. Dunstan was nodding slowly. Its not your fault. Shes been acting the same way with Jake. Her own brother. And with with her father. But Im tellingyou the truth we havent seen any other girl. No one but you has come to the door today.Okay. Matts eyes were watering. His brain, attuned first of all to his own survival, was telling him to still his breath, not to argue. Telling him to say, Kristin I really cant breathe But Ilove you, Matt Honey-butt. I dont want you toever leave me. Especially for that old cocotte. That old whore with worms in her eye-socketsAgain Matt felt the sense of the world rocking. But he couldnt gasp. He didnt have the air. Pop-eyed, he turned helplessly toward Mr. Dunstan, who was closest.Cant breathe How could a thirteen-year-old b e so strong? It was taking both Mr. Dunstan and Jake to open up her off him. No, even that wasnt working. He was beginning to see a grey network pulsating before his eyes. He needed air.There was a sharp crack that ended with a meaty sound. And then another. Suddenly he could breathe again.No, Jacob No more Mrs. Dunstan cried. She let him go dont hit her anymoreWhen Matts vision cleared, Mr. Dunstan was doing up his belt. Kristin was wailing, Just youwaaa -hate Just youwaa-haate Youll besor- ry Then she rushed from the room.I dont know if this helps or makes it worse, Matt said when hed gotten his breath back, but Kristin isnt the only girl acting this way. Theres at least one other one in the town All I care about is my Kristin, Mrs. Dunstan said. And thatthingisnt her.Matt nodded. But there was something he needed to do now. He had to cause Elena.If a blond girl does come to the door and asks for help, will you enrapture let her in? he asked Mrs. Dunstan. Please? But dont le t any guys in not even me if you dont want, he blurted.For a moment his eyes and Mrs. Dunstans eyes met, and he felt a connection. Then she nodded and hastened to get him out of the house.All right, Matt thought. Elena was headed for here, but she didnt quite get here. So look at the signs.He looked. And what the signs showed him was that, within a few feet of the Dunstan property, she had inexplicably turned astutely right, deeply into the forest.Why? Had something scared her? Or had she Matt felt shed to his stomach somehow been tricked into hobbling on and on, until at last she left all human help behind?All he could do was to follow her into the woods.

Direct Democracy

In the United States, direct democracy takes its close to evident form in voter turnout enterprisingnesss. According to the president of the executable satisfy and Referendum Institute, M. Dane Waters, a version of this practice was state to prepare existed as bemagazines as the 1600s in New England. The practice then was for proposed regulatings to be position on the agenda to be discussed by the whole town and afterward approved by voting on them during their town meetings.However, Dane Waters continued, b every last(predicate)ot porta as it is known today started during the 1900s specifically in 1978 when suggestion 13 reduced the property taxes in California from 2. 5 portion to 1 percent. That California beginning(a) resulted to limitations in the property taxes of 43 states and a reduced rate in the in pose taxes in 15 states (Cato Policy Report). A Washington Post columnist, David S.Broder described ballot enterprises as a pricking de scratched to enable th e flock to directly write laws and in the process, forbear the influence organism wielded by interest congregations in the legislative process. Unfortunately, Broder explained, the initiative process is flawed since the opinion of those who atomic turn of events 18 in disagreement is non being hear. Because of this defect, he kept up(p), statutes approved through ballot initiatives are not being subjected to checks and balances, efficaciously robbing the nonage of their right to be heard.Broder argued that this contradicts the intent of the substructure fathers (Cato Policy Report). The chairman of the Cato Institute, William A. Niskanen, disagreed. He stressed that the initiative process is in truth a system of checks and balances since it regulates the power of legislatures. In other words, it does not soft sentences the Ameri domiciliate system of g all overnment. Dane Waters supported the view of Niskanen. He maintained that ballot initiatives were not meant to intro duce adverse changes in the American system of government moreover to enrich it.In fact, he said, even the founding fathers had know its wisdom. To prove his point, he quoted James Madison, one of the founding fathers, who said that As the spate are the only when legitimate fountain of power, and it is from them that the Constitutional drive under which the several branches of government batch their power is derived, it seems strictly amenable to the re frequentan theory to recur to the same original authority whenever it whitethorn be necessary to en rangy, diminish, or new-model the powers of government (Cato Policy Report).Ellen Ann Andersen, in reveal OF THE CLOSESTS & into the Courts, demonstrated how a ballot initiative works. In her essay for a suitable illustration, she decided to look at the effects of the initiative process on the civil rights of lesbians, frolicsomes and bi verseds (lgbs). Her decision was baaed on the fact that until 1993, the focalize of approximately 60 percent of all ballot initiatives in the demesne was the civil rights of lgbs.She thitherfore concentrated on the most famous of these initiatives Amendment 2 which was approved by the voters in cobalt in 1992 (Andersen). Amendment 2 was sparked by a proposed ordinance on human rights which was heard by the benignant Rights Commission of Colorado Springs in 1991. The proposal sought to prohibit inconsistency of any kind based on race and color, their religion and creed, their internal origin and ethnicity, their age, marital status, their sexual orientation, or their disabled condition. It immediately encountered unrelenting opposition mostly from big fundamentalist Christian groups which include the biggest Christian radio ministry in the country the Focus on the Family. Due to the dismal assault that they do against the proposed ordinance, it was finally defeated in the city council by a vote of 8-1 (Andersen). Things did not end there, however. The defe at of the proposed human rights ordinance started a statewide campaign against gay rights which culminated to the framing of Amendment 2.A group named Colorado for Family Values (CFV) was organized at the behest of three individuals, namely Tony Marco, an anti-gay activist David Noebel, psyche of anticommunist Summit Ministries, and Kevin Tebedo, who was the son of Maryanne Tebedo, a senator of the state of Colorado. CFV was able to establish cerebrate with national conservative organizations. It obtained the assistance of the National Legal Foundation in drafting Amendment 2 and used the handbook which was written by a lawyer who correspond the Concerned Women for America as a send for its efforts to promote the amendment.The proponents of Amendment 2 appealed to the moral values of the people and capitalized on their lack of adequate knowledge virtually homosexuality as they painted gays and lesbians as a hazard to society. It distributed a bulletin which asseverate that La tely, America has been earshot a lot about the subject of childhood sexual abuse. This majestic epidemic has scarred countless young lives and destroyed thousands of families. But what war-ridden homosexuals dont want you to know is the large role they melt down in this epidemic.In fact, pedophilia (the sexual molestation of children) is actually an accepted trip of the homosexual community (Andersen) CFV also declared to the people of Colorado that homosexuals represented a great danger to the overall health of the community because they are the most relentless carriers of sexually transmitted diseases they are the most fruitful breeders of diseases and that by the middle of the 1990s, hospital bed would be difficult to come by due to the large number of homosexuals who are infected with help (Andersen).Black propaganda much(prenominal) as these, coupled with the findings of a poll which was commissioned by the Denver Post which showed that 46 percent of respondents conside red homosexuality to be virtuously wrong, 40 percent tolerated homosexuals, and 14 percent declared their neutrality, enabled the anti-gay sectors of Colorado to call a crushing blow to the gay militants. The CFV campaign also argued that lgbs should not be granted protected status or superfluous rights because they were not legitimate minorities having failed to satisfy the criteria set forth by irresponsible Court decisions, namely1. A group wanting true minority rights must show that its discriminated against to the point that its members cannot earn average income, point an adequate education, or enjoy a fulfilling cultural breeding. 2. The group must be clearly identifiable by unchangeable physical characteristics handle skin color, gender, handicap, etc. (not behavior). 3. The group must clearly show that it is politically powerless (Andersen). In spite of the sting that black propaganda caused, it was the no fussy rights campaign slogan that dealt the greatest damage to the gay militants.Lawyer Jean Dubofsky said that The no special rights slogan was very clever, particularly given a measure when at least white males dont want affirmative action. The Amendment 2 people spent a lot of time talking about (how) you dont want gays and lesbians getting in front of you in line for jobs or scholarships or college. Of course, that wasnt what Amendment 2 was all about overall, but thats the way it was sold. mickle I talked with voted for it because they felt gay and lesbians should not get affirmative action (Andersen).In other words, Amendment 2 was ultimately approved by the voters of Colorado, thank in the introductory place to the underhanded campaign tactics sedulous by its proponents. Thus end the political struggle waged by the gay activists. They were decidedly beaten in the political involvement. However, it dour out that they were far from accepting defeat. Defeated in the political arena, they then turned to the lawful battle. Amendme nt 2 proponents had only baseball club days to savor the taste of victory ahead the lgbs appealed the federal district court.A complaint was filed in the name of the following Ric labored Evans (he was a author employee at the Mayors office of Denver who was open with his being gay) five other lgbs and a heterosexual male who was infected with AIDS. The cities of Boulder, Denver, and Aspen were also included as complainants because they had ordinances which protected the rights of lgbs which Amendment 2 would effectively nullify (Andersen). The second aspect of the initiative process (the legal battle) turned out to be a varied matter altogether.Prepared even before the election day as a fallback strategy, the complaint included several allegations. First, it argued that Amendment 2 violated the equal protection clause of the constitution. so it claimed that the amendment denied lgbs of their freedom of expression as well as association. Finally, it alleged that Amendment 2 w as in violation of due process and the right to petition government for a redress of grievances (Andersen). The difference between the political and the legal aspects of the initiative became immediately evident.Whereas the voters were the center of decision-making in the political exercise, the legal battle transferred the power to decide to the measures. A total of thirteen judges heard the arguments whether Amendment 2 should be considered constitutional. One was a district court judge three were justices of the tyrannical Court of Colorado and nine justices came from the United States supreme Court (Andersen). The two sides presented the same arguments that they used during the campaign.The proponents of the amendment argued that they were simply against granting homosexuals special rights and that they were elicit in safeguarding the well-being of children and the family, and allow the state to allocate its resources to assisting the legitimate minorities. The gay advocates , on the other hand, argued that in fact special rights as active by the proponents of the Amendment was merely a red herring to mislead people and that the Amendment would effectively deprive them of their rights and constitutionally-guaranteed protection.They further claimed that Amendment 2 was only motivated by the hostility of its proponents towards lgbs and that homosexuality was in fact not only a life-style choice but is comparable to race and sexual orientation (Andersen). What happened, however, was while their arguments won for the proponents the battle for the ballot, the same arguments caused them to lose their show window in court. Ironically, a dissenting judge claimed that the act of the majority justices from the Supreme Court in striking down the Amendment had been an act not of juridical judgment, but of political go out (Andersen).Direct DemocracyThe assumption central the discussion on the initiative process is that the employment of remunerative petitione rs is a harmful development reducing the quality of our democracy and privileging money over true commitment to causes that are delegate on ballot. However, this assumption is a questionable one, and counterevidence is abundant.Therefore, this essay volition hurt the following structure first of all, it leave alone show little harms in employing give hint- accumulators that are branch by possible benefits of much(prenominal) design of the initiative process, and, secondly, the essay leave alone criticize the work susceptibility of the solutions offered in the concluding section of the chapter. The perceived danger in allowing paid petitioners is that only causes that enjoy considerable financial support can make their way to the ballot. Another threat, as opponents of this policy argue, is associated with the fact that it is annihilative to the spirit of volunteerism and civic involvement.There is a view that paying petitioners degraded the signature gatherer because it c ame to be seen as a sales job rather than as the precious province of the national-spirited citizen (Ellis, 2002, p. 48). Thus, the aim for mobilizing and engaging citizens becomes virtually inapplicable to policy-making process. However, there is little persuasive evidence that paid petitioners symbolise the death of grassroots and the advent of the greenback democracy. Issues that arouse strong public sentiment can grave a sufficient number of volunteers to press out their solecism through.There are several reasons why volunteer signatures drive will survive in the future. First of all, using volunteers in the qualification form can help save money for the electoral contest. Secondly, volunteer petitioners very much gather signatures with higher(prenominal) validity rates, thus the number of signatures needed reductions whenever volunteers are used. Thirdly, volunteer-based signature accumulation campaigns constitute a way to mobilize and assure citizens. Fourthly, vo lunteer signatures drive is a powerful public relations tool, since such initiatives usually enjoy positive publicity (Ellis, 2002).Volunteer campaigns have potential to heed only if a campaign issue can easily give strong feelings among the public. Yet issues arousing strong public sentiment are a few(prenominal) and far between more often, it is an interest of a smaller group of people that is at stake, but it is undemocratic to disregard the plea of such groups of citizens only because their case does not excite hearts and minds of their fellow citizens. In the modern democracy, there are few deeply appalling wrongs that need immediate remedy and can attract crowds of concerned citizen, like the case of African Americans in the 1960s.In the modern democracy, incremental changes need to be make to accommodate different interests and to make their coexistence more efficient and pleasurable for all. legion(predicate) notable initiatives, serving community interests trump, made their way to the ballot thanks to paid petitioners. Furthermore, the eschew on paid petitioners will affect different states in different ways. It will create a dangerous discrimination in the quality of the initiative process in states with smaller and large populations.For example, it will create considerable complications for signature gathering in such states as California, where the number of signatures that are necessary for an initiative to be put on ballot can be several times higher than in other states. It is especially relevant given the everyday life constraints on citizenship and civic participation. Consumerist ideology makes long on the job(p) hours an imperative and leaves people with less time to participate in politics and community affairs. hoi polloi volunteer in their leisure time, and leisure is a competitive sector.It is hard to expect a large number of citizens to sacrifice their spare time for gathering signatures in favor of their cause, however stron gly they feel about it. Indeed, the main hurdle that most initiative proponents face is finding complete people willing and able to dedicate a large number of hours to gathering signatures (Ellis, 2002, p. 53). Moreover, there are legitimate concerns that the ban on paid petitioners will privilege people with abundant amount of spare time over those possessing more financial resources. In fact, paid petitioners democratize the initiative process by making it more inclusive.Many citizens do not hold strong opinions on some issues, but it by no gist indicates that these issues should be excluded from the democratic debate. There are issues that are hard to trunk in the way that solicits a passionate positive or prohibit attitude. In addition, privileging people with spare time over those with money borders on classism. For example, unemployed citizens with a lot of spare time can recruit a large number of volunteer to campaign for a eudaemonia reform, while middle-class businessme n do not have such time to petition for a tax reduction.In a democracy, all groups ought to have equal access to the mechanisms of democratic participation and should be allowed to make the best use of resources available to them to ensure such participation. Therefore, as Ellis (2002, p. 54) notes, the rise of paid petitioners and professional signature-gathering firms promotes democracy by increasing the involvement of a wider renewal of groups. The ban on paid petitioners will not significantly decrease the role of big interests and money in the initiative process.A fact that is often overlooked by the opponents of paid petitioners concerns the evidence that recruitment, training, and coordination of volunteers mean considerable cost to an initiative sponsor, although volunteers work for free (Ellis, 2002). Moreover, the ban on paid petitioners will give an unfair reinforcement to organizations with better access to human resources. It would advantage firms that employed large numbers of people and would make it impossible for all but the most everyday causes to exercise the right of direct democracy (Ellis, 2002, p. 48).The opponents of paid petitioners also overlook the fact that signature gathering firms have a more professional approach to the initiative process. One of the possible advantages, as Ellis (2002) acknowledges, is that such firms have more experience in prep signature gathering campaigns and can offer a clear timeline for the process. However, there is another important advantage in employing signature gathering firms. Professionals working there can inform citizens more efficiently by presenting data about the issue at stake in a more accessible and understandable way.Thus, the indirect benefit of using paid petitioners is great sensibleness of the citizenry on a wider array of issues. The proposal to ban paid petitioners also underestimates peoples ability to choose whether to sign a petition. It is argued that signatories to peti tions do not express their real opinion but agree to sign them for a variety of reasons, among which are desire to be rid of the solicitor or to help him earn a days wages (Register, 1913 in Ellis, 2002). However, citizens are often more aware and concerned than this notion assumes.Many of them refuse to sign petitions that contradict their convictions. If ignorance was the case, volunteer signature drives would be as futile as professional signature gathering firms. Having proven that the harms involved in the process of employing paid petitioners in the initiative process are often exaggerated, there is a need to limited review the proposed solutions to the perceived crisis. Providing more information about signature gathering will have little effect, as citizens are already overwhelmed with information on public issues.Few would dedicate their time to studying booklets on how certain initiatives made their way to the ballot. There are cognitive constraints on the amount of infor mation citizens can consume. Furthermore, few would have enough spare time to charge it to reading booklets with information on how many volunteers and how many paid petitioners were employed to gather support for a certain initiative. The proposal to leave petitions with county registration officers can be dismissed on similar grounds citizens do not have enough spare time to dedicate to public affairs.Valuing signatures collected by volunteers over those collected by paid petitioners is simply non-enforceable. Abandoning signature gathering altogether is also not a viable alternative, since the process of petitioning presents at least some checks on the power of large interests. Paid petitioners ensure that issues of at least some interest to at least some groups of citizens make their way to the ballot. In fact, it does not quite an matter how issues are placed on ballot what matters most is the citizens ability to express their opinion about different initiatives in a popular vote.

Relating Philosophy to Pedagogy Essay

Within any early babehood education (ECE) place linguistic context the pedagogy of the educators allow have great impact on the programmes and philosophies which the children at bottom that setting will be influenced by. Teachers have a responsibility to material body and maintain authentic, open, reciprocal bloods with children, families and the community (Gailer, 2010).This is non only an integral get off the ground of the early childhood curriculum Te Whariki which has relationships as atomic number 53 of its quadruplet implantation principles (Ministry of Education MoE, 1996) plainly too part of the didactics standards and ethics. As a teacher I relish in the chance to ca-ca relationships with many different children, every curious in their culture, strengths, ideas and focusing of being. The importance I place on relationships sits well with both Vygotskys and Bronfenbrenners socio heathenish theories. Vygotsky emphasised the importance of the people surroundi ng a child, sightedness them crucial for geting and enhancing the childs development.Bronfenbrenner extended this into a modelling of contextual factors, using ideas approximately five kinds of contexts surrounding the individual child including their micro- and meso-systems where the interactions of their daily realities occur (Drewery &amp Bird, 2004). These theories have been vital in the development of New Zealands early childhood curriculum, Te Whariki, and so my understandings of these and with my individualized philosophy I hope to have the acquirements to be competent to build respectful reciprocal relationships with all learners. Building these relationships however is non as easy as people outside of the profession a good deal assume.Appendix 2 shows Suzie Gailers (2010) obligate on being professional, the article discusses how professional integrity of put is reliant on teachers having a point set of value, respect, authenticity, empowerment and transparen cy. The moving picture of the child is culturally constructed and spliceed to our snip and place in history, the image I have as a teacher today of children is very different to that of which I was viewed as a child. My image of the child has altered as I have gained both practical and theoretical teaching run into.In my first practicums I did not necessarily sack out what to expect about building initial relationships with children but as I have gained knowledge I now know that children raise be trusted to build these relationships in timeframes which are rightfield for them. Te Whariki (MoE, 1996) presents the image of children as competent learners and communicators and I now wield this image in my teaching practice and as a produce (Appendices 3, 4 &amp 5), along with the values of respect which I have articulated through the following of Magda Gerbers work.From my own relatively limited practical beat and theoretical knowledge I can relate to the notion of Edwards &amp Nuttall (2005) where the pedagogy, or the act of teaching, is not only mediated by educators understandings about the children, skill, and the curriculum their understandings about the fond settings in which they work, their personal have intercourses beyond the workplace and their engagement with the shopping malls wider community all have a aim in determining the educators actions (p. 36).My own underlying beliefs, values and philosophies all impact on my teaching style and, although often unconsciously, on the way I relate to individuals. Commitment to theoriseive practice, the personal philosophy I have articulated and the desire for professional development will help me in holding true to a pedagogy which is responsive in time as well as to individuals. This pedagogy with its identified aspects of assessment, supplying, murder and evaluation is influenced by my values and experiences and I attempt to explain and reflect upon these in this essay.The main assessm ent process I use is learning Stories, an approach developed by Dr. Margaret Carr. Learning stories show a nip of a learning experience which has been shared out with the child or children gnarly and are a record of the interests and strengths of the child. Research shows that learning is more trenchant when it is derived from interests, encouraging motivation and the sense of confidence that comes from working inwardly ones own strengths.The learning story framework is establish on the belief that developing good learning dispositions is the most important skill in early childhood and this fits well with my values of respect and having the Te Whariki image of the child, a confident, competent learner and communicator. The foundations of learning stories are the dispositions found in Te Whariki and in my own learning stories these are highlighted, present fellow educators, parents and whanau how I work to support childrens learning in all aspects of the programme and curriculu m (Appendices 4, 6 &amp 7).Upholding this image of children in practice is however met with challenges. Woodrow (1999) describes how there are resulting constructions of childhood based on how individuals experienced childhood, on cultural artefacts and on professional knowledge, Ellen Pifer (2000) also describes these conflicting images in her book Demon or Doll (Appendix 8) which has authentically opened my mind to ways of seeing individuals. Other teaching professionals may hold different images of children such as the child as innocent or as an embryo adult and this will impact on the way they act around and towards children.Having a commitment towards reflective practice and regularly evaluating my personal pedagogy will allow me to deal with these challenges, freehanded me the skills to explain my viewpoint and understand that of another(prenominal)s so that the best possible issue is achieved. To undertake such assessment it is important to build a relationship with t he children and these reciprocal relationships are another key part of my philosophy.This value has changed with my experience and theoretical knowledge, in my initial practicum I was unsure about how to go about building relationships that are both respectful and reciprocal (Appendices 9 &amp 10) but my confidence in this has, and will continue, to elicit (Appendix 11). I cerebrate that building a reciprocal relationship representation sharing aspects of my life with children and not expecting them to reveal themselves without the favour being returned. I have a huge passion towards animals and I have shared this with the children on my last two practicums by taking along my greaseball pigs (Appendix 12).The children feel aspects of empowerment and trust as I allow them to be intimately involved with a very important part of my personal life. Building such relationships prior to undertaking assessment highlights the spiral constitution of teaching and the aspects of pedagog ies. Taking the guinea pigs to the centre required planning and studious implementation, including discussion with staff and families to ensure cultural needs were met. Some cultures do not agree with the keeping of animals as pets and in order to sanction the respectful image of the child and relationships with the family and community I needed to evaluate and respect this belief.The centre policies and legislation also play a role in planning and implementation, health and hygiene regulations needed to be considered for this natural action and for others many different policies will come into play. For further assessment and planning the involvement of colleagues and whanau in the learning stories and other documentation would play a vital role in the continuation of the interest but regrettably the short nature of the practicum did not allow for this.Cultural needs and matches cant everywhere heavily in the planning and implementation stages of my pedagogy. This is linked t o all the values in my philosophy relationships, respect and equity. These values mean that I believe in focussing on skills and talents rather than on deficiencies to create learning environments, for example respecting that crying is a valid attempt at colloquy and can be a qualified learning experience (Appendix 11). Nyland (2004) describes how the lodge rights and contexts of infants knowledge can be overlooked in childcare settings.on-line discussions with fellow students regarding this reading give support to the idea that disrespectful environments adversely affect the identity and participation of children. What happens in an environment when an identity is absent altogether and children are faced with images of white middle class equal to(p) bodied members of nightspot? What message is that giving to these children and their families? You wear downt become? You are not a real member of our society? We dont value you? The environments we plan for the children speak vol umes about how we view society and the people we respect and value (Ellis, R. , Fuamatu, P. Perry Smith, A. M. Moodle September 2011). During planning I and then need to think ahead about resources which reflect the cultures within the setting and the community. This can be achieved through communication with other educators in the setting, parents, and other members of the community such as kaumatua or the local priest. Planning for social occasions is also important to me as I feel they link the ECE setting with the wider community and social values. This includes events such as Mothers and Fathers day (Appendix 13) as well as cultural occasions such as the Lantern Festival, Diwali and Pasifika events.Although during such planning I am mindful of the goals and learning outcomes which Te Whariki and the teaching standards present I also constantly remind myself of the holistic nature in which the learning will occur. Lawrence (2004) describes the shift in thinking and programme pl anning in ECE settings over the past two decades, from keeping children busy to planning cycles and then Te Whariki. Lawrence clarifies that although the word planning is still used it is not in the conventional sense of the word but rather can be seen as reflectively responding to childrens thinking (p. 16). An example in her rticle shows how the learning experience of children can be very different to that pre-planned or expected by the teacher (Appendix 14). A challenge presents itself where teachers have been trained and had experience in times where different planning programmes were utilised, disagreeing views and beliefs can lead to conflict within teaching teams and a dedication to reflective practice is required by all parties if favourable outcomes are to be reached. This reflective practice is a vital part of the evaluation process of my pedagogy. What worked? What didnt work? Where do I go from here?Schon (2002) described how the entire process of reflection-in-action, where our keen is in our action, is central to the skill practitioners have in dealing with situations of uncertainty, unbalance and uniqueness as well as valuing conflict. Holding true to a value where children are respected as individuals and valued for their own unique set of skills, uncertain and unique situations are inevitable in the day-to-day practice of an ECE setting. With the set of reflective skills I now possess I hope to be able to turn these situations of uncertainty into ones of learning, for both myself and children involved.With move professional development and an ever increasing amount of practical experience I feel I am in good spatial relation to continue my career as an early childhood educator and support the children within my influence to grow up in line with the aspirations of Te Whariki, competent and confident learners and communicators a valued contribution to society.